The four diagnosis methods of traditional Chinese medicine have a long history. The four diagnosis methods of traditional Chinese medicine have appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Bian Que, a folk doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, clearly proposed the four diagnosis methods of traditional Chinese medicine!

According to "Records of the Grand Historian? Biography of Bian Que": Once Bian Que practiced medicine and came to Jin State, he met Zhao Jianzi seriously ill. He had been in a coma for 5 days and was unconscious.% of his relatives and aides were very worried and asked Bian Que to treat Zhao Jianzi.

Bian Que found that Zhao Jianzi's heart was still beating slightly through the pulse. Through consultation, he learned that the political struggle in Jin State was very fierce at that time, so he concluded that Zhao Jianzi was in a coma due to excessive use of his brain during the political struggle and did not die.

After Bian Que's careful treatment, Zhao Jianzi's illness was cured within 3 days. This shows that Bian Que is very proficient in the four diagnosis methods.

The four diagnosis methods of traditional Chinese medicine also have a profound scientific basis. The classic "Inner Canon of Medicine" in ancient Chinese medicine says: "Man and heaven and earth are in harmony, and correspond to the sun and the moon."

This means that humans and the external environment are unified, and the external environment has an impact on the activities of human bodies. The external environment includes the natural environment and the social environment. Humans are the product of natural evolution, and a certain natural environment is a necessary condition for humans to survive. Humans and natural environment have material identity.

The impact of the natural environment on human body functions involves many aspects, such as changes in seasonal climates, differences in regional environments, etc. Even the changes 24 hours a day have a certain effect on the activities of human body functions.

The "Inner Canon of Internal Medicine" points out: "Therefore, the yang energy is dominated by the outside in one day, and the yang energy is born in the morning, and the yang energy is prosperous in the middle of the day. When the yang energy is weak in the west, the qi gate is closed." In other words, the yang energy in the human body shows regular day and night fluctuations, and this change trend is very consistent with the daily fluctuation curve of the human body temperature revealed by modern physiological research.

Modern time biology research shows that almost all functional activities of the human body have rhythmic changes similar to day and night. Scientific facts have proved that the understanding of ancient Chinese medicine was very correct.

As for the severe social environment, the impact on people's physical and mental functions is even greater. The Zhao Jianzi mentioned above was unconscious because of excessive use of his brain in political struggles. This is an obvious example.

Therefore, ancient Chinese medical scientists attached great importance to consultation. Through consultation, understanding the external environment of patients’ illness will help find the root cause of the disease and the essence of the disease, so as to confirm the diagnosis.

Ancient Chinese medicine also believed that humans were an organic whole. Various organs and tissues were physiologically and pathologically connected and influenced each other.

"If there is something inside, it must be outside", that is, there is a certain corresponding relationship between the external appearance of the body and the internal situation.

This determines that doctors can observe the patient's external pathological manifestations and speculate the lesions of internal organs through observation, hearing, and incision.

The "Four Diagnosis Methods" summarized by Bian Que, a Chinese folk doctor during the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, are completely in line with the theories of holistic methods, systematic methods, dialectical methods, etc. in modern science, which is admirable.

The four diagnosis methods are traditional Chinese medicine's traditional method of diagnosing diseases, and acupuncture is an important means of traditional Chinese medicine for treating diseases. In the world's medical forests, acupuncture can be called the oldest strange tree. It is said that it is the oldest because it originated in human childhood.

The "Beijing people" who lived about 500,000 years ago were able to make pointed stone tools and bone tools. Knowing how to use fire is not only of great significance to humans for food and clothing, but also of great significance to humans in defeating diseases. Because the use of pointed stone tools, bone tools and fire provides humans with primitive medical devices.

For thousands of years, our country's pulse science has been moving forward in the controversy of hundreds of schools of thought.

Among the four methods of traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis, it is the most practical. All Chinese medicine practitioners must master the pulse removal method, that is, the pulse diagnosis. Only when a true Chinese medicine practitioner can he be qualified to treat people by mastering the method of pulse diagnosis.

The pulse diagnosis is performed by measuring the pulses that touch different parts of the human body to detect the changes in the pulse.

In clinical practice, we mainly grasp the time of pulse diagnosis, the patient's position, the doctor's fingering and finger strength. The time of pulse pressing is limited to the pulse beat at least 50 times on each side. At the same time, we must understand the changes in healthy connections in order to correctly conduct pulse diagnosis.

Pulse diagnosis has a long history in our country, and it is a summary of the long-term medical practice experience of ancient Chinese medical scientists.

Bian Que, a famous doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period recorded in "Records of the Grand Historian", was known for his proficiency in looking, hearing, asking and cutting, especially for pulse diagnosis. Sima Qian, the author of "Records of the Grand Historian", even said: "Today, the one who talks about pulses is Bian Que." He attributed the invention of pulse diagnosis in ancient my country completely to Bian Que, which is not accurate.

According to historical records, the origin of pulse diagnosis in my country is very ancient. For example, the legendary ancient doctors, such as the Loanji and Guiyuqu, have discussed pulse diagnosis. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, pulse diagnosis had reached a considerable level. In the important medical works "Huangdi Neijing" that began to appear at that time, there have been many detailed discussions on pulse diagnosis.

The medical silk book unearthed from the No. 3 Han Tomb of Mawangdui No. 3, Changsha, Hunan in 1973 - "Pulse Method" and "Yin and Yang Pulse Symptoms" also have valuable materials for using pulse diagnosis and diagnosis to diagnose diseases. These all show that as early as more than two thousand years ago, pulse science had become an important part of ancient Chinese medicine.

In the Han Dynasty, pulse diagnosis became even more common. Another famous doctor recorded in "Records of the Grand Historian" (also known as Cang Gong, about 205 BC), had studied pulse method with his teacher Gong Chengyang Qing for three years, and accepted the "Bian Que Pulse Book" passed down to him by Gong Chengyang Qing.

It can be seen from the "diagnosis" (medical records) of Chunyu Yi's medical treatment recorded in "Records of the Grand Historian" that he had to take the pulse first when he was treated.

In the "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" by Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it can be seen that pulse diagnosis has been widely used in clinical practice and has further developed and improved.

In the Jin Dynasty, the famous doctor Wang Shuhe combined the knowledge and experience of pulse science in the previous dynasty and wrote the book "Pulse Classic", which became the earliest existing pulse science monograph in my country.

The book divides pulse into twenty-four types, explains each pulse pattern, and describes various pulse-taking methods and various miscellaneous diseases, and further combines pulse diagnosis with diseases. Pulse science becomes a more practical knowledge.

Since then, the number of ancient Chinese vein science writings has continued to increase.

Many famous doctors are proficient in pulse science. For example, Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty also had in-depth research on pulse science and wrote books such as "Binhu Pulse Science" (1564 AD).

According to incomplete statistics, there are more than one hundred writings on pulse science before the Qing Dynasty. Although there are repetitions, they still reflect the development of pulse science in ancient my country to varying degrees.

Pulse diagnosis is also called cutting the pulse, which is used to maintain the pulse. The formation of pulse patterns is closely related to the qi and blood of the internal organs. If the qi and blood of the internal organs change, the blood circulation will be affected and the pulse patterns will change.

The changes in the pulse pattern are related to the disease position and nature of the disease and the rise and fall of the evil and good. If the disease position is shallow, the pulse will be floating, and if the disease position is deep inside, the pulse will be deep; if the disease nature is cold, the pulse will be slow, and if the pulse will be rapid, the pulse will be rapid; if the evil qi is strong, the pulse will be solid. If the positive qi is weak, the pulse will be weak.

In clinical practice, pulse diagnosis can infer the prognosis of the disease's progress and retreat. If the pulse is slow for a long time, it is a sign that the stomach qi gradually recovers and the condition will be cured; if the pulse is heavy for a long time, it is mostly a dangerous condition for the evil to be strong and the good to be weak.

External fever disease. The heat tendency gradually fades. The pulse is slowing down, which is a sign of recovery; if the pulse is rapid and rapid and irritable, the disease will progress.

There are three methods for pulse diagnosis: 1 permeation method. The parts of the pulse are head, hand, and foot (see the three parts and nine signs).

2. The method of diagnosing the pulse of the three parts. It is to observe the pulse of the three parts of Renying, Cunkou and Fuyang. Among them, Cunkou is used to conquer the twelve meridians, Renying is used to conquer the stomach qi, and some are also added to the foot Shaoyin (Taixi point) to conquer the kidneys.

The 3-inch oral diagnosis method is used to diagnose the location of the posterior wrist radial artery. The pervasive diagnosis method and the three-part pulse diagnosis method are rarely used. Only when there are critical symptoms and when there is no pulse on both hands, Renying, Fuyang, and Taixi are diagnosed to determine the survival of the gastric and kidney qi.

Of course, some key points should be paid attention to when conducting pulse diagnosis.

: The best time to diagnose pulse is early in the morning. "Su Wen? Pulse Essence and Subtle Theory" points out: "The diagnosis method is usually based on the calm day, the yin energy has not moved, the yang energy has not dissipated, the diet has not progressed, the meridians have not been strong, the meridians are evenly adjusted, and the qi and blood have not been disorganized, so it is possible to diagnose the pulse that has been out of date."

Because the patient is not affected by various factors such as diet and activity in the early morning, the internal and external environments are relatively quiet, and the qi and blood meridians are in a state of less disturbance, so it is easy to identify the disease pulse.

But it does not mean that the pulse cannot be taken at other times. Wang Ji believes: "If you are sick, you can diagnose it at any time, and there is no need to be a dusk." In general, there is a quiet internal and external environment when evaluating the pulse.

Before taking the pulse, let the patient rest for a while to calm the qi and blood. The clinic should also be kept quiet to avoid the influence of the external environment and the fluctuations in the patient's mood, and it is conducive to the doctor's understanding of the pulse. In special circumstances, the patient should be diagnosed anytime and anywhere, without being obsessed with these conditions.

: The patient should be allowed to sit or lie down, with his arms flat and his heart close to the same level, with his wrist straight, with his palm facing upward, and a pillow is placed on the back of the wrist joint to facilitate the removal of pulses. Incorrect posture will affect the movement of local qi and blood and affect the pulse condition.

: The doctor sits sideways with the patient, press the patient's right hand with his left hand and the patient's left hand with his right hand.

When judging the lower finger, first press the middle finger on the inner part of the Guan meridian on the high bone behind the palm, then use the index finger to press the Cun meridian in front of the Guan, and the ring finger to press the Zi meridian behind the Guan. The three fingers should be arch-shaped, with the fingers flush, and press the touch pulse body with the finger abdomen. The feeling is more sensitive with the finger abdomen.

The density of cloth fingers should be consistent with the patient's body appearance. For those with tall and long arms, cloth fingers should be sparse, and for those with short arms, cloth fingers should be dense.

After the correct position is obtained, press the pulse with three fingers at the same time, which is called the general press.

In order to focus on experiencing a certain pulse pattern, you can also use one finger to press one of the pulse patterns alone. For example, when diagnosing the Cun pulse, slightly lift the middle finger and ring finger; when diagnosing the Guan pulse, slightly lift the index finger and ring finger; when diagnosing the Cun pulse, slightly lift the index finger and middle finger, and always press the single finger in clinical practice.

When diagnosing a pediatric pulse, you can use the "one finger (thumb) method to determine the Guan method" and do not divide the three parts. Because the inch mouth of a child is short, it cannot be specified in the three inch Guan rule, and it is easy to cry and not cooperate.

:This is a method of using the severity and displacement of finger force when diagnosing pulses to explore pulse patterns.

Hua Boren said in "The Essence of Diagnosis": "There are three essentials for maintaining the pulse: lift, press, and search. Follow the light hand and follow it, lift it, press it with heavy hand, press it, neither light nor heavy, and seek it with compromise.

If you first hold the pulse and wait for a light hand, if the pulse is between the skin, it is yang and the viscera, and it is also the response of the heart and lungs. If you get it with heavy hand, it is the pulse that is yin and the viscera, and it is also the response of the liver and kidneys.

If it is neither light nor heavy, it is taken in the middle. If the pulse is between the blood and flesh, the yin and yang are in harmony. The response of conflict and harmony is the sign of the spleen and stomach. If it is floating and sinking, it is compromised. If it is hidden, it is the pulse of Yin and yang hidden, and all three parts are the same."

Pressing the skin with light finger force is called lifting, also called floating or light take; pressing the muscles and bones with heavy finger force is called pressing, also called heavy or heavy take; the finger force is neither light nor heavy, and it can be both light and heavy. To compromise is called search.

Therefore, you must pay attention to understanding the changes in the pulse patterns between the raising, pressing and searching. In addition, when the three pulses are different, you must gradually move the fingers. The internal and external searching means searching. The searching means searching, not the meaning of taking it in the middle.

: One breath is called one breath. When evacuating the pulse, the doctor's breathing should be natural and even. Use the time of one breath.

To calculate the patient's pulse rate. If the pulse is slow, it is calculated by breath. In addition, it is also reminded that when judging the pulse, the doctor should be humble and calm, concentrate on understanding the pulse pattern. "Su Wen? Pulse Essence and Subtle Theory" says: "Holding the pulse has the Tao, and emptiness and tranquility is the protection."

:Each time to take the pulse, it will be fifty movements. That is, the pulse time should be beat less than fifty times on each side. The meaning is: on the one hand, it is used to understand whether there are knots, generations, and pulses in the fifty times of pulse beat.

However, if necessary, it can be extended to the second and third fifty movements, which is always intended to distinguish the pulse patterns, so the pulse time should be 3 to 5 minutes each time; on the other hand, doctors should not be reminded to do it without raising and pressing it sloppy when taking the pulse.

Pulse diagnosis requires doctors to have knowledge about anatomy and physiology. In this regard, there are many valuable records in ancient my country.

First, the relationship between the heart, blood and blood vessels. The relationship between pulses and blood and the heart is extremely close.

The "Inner Canon of the Inner Canon" clearly states that "the qi of the meridians is the qi" ("Pingren Qixiang Theory)); "The five internal organs are dominated by the heart ("Xuanming Five Qi"); all blood and blood vessels are controlled by the heart; blood vessels are the place where blood flows; the heart and meridians are in harmony; if the heart qi is exhausted, the meridians will be blocked, the meridians will not flow, and the blood will not flow; if the meridians are open, the blood will be spread.

It clearly states that the pulse is blood vessels, originating from the heart, and pulse is a specific manifestation of heart function. It is particularly commendable that the "Inner Canon of Internal Medicine" has already recorded the concept of blood circulation.

For example, diet passes through the digestive system, absorbs nutrients and passes to the liver, from the liver to the heart, from the heart to the lungs, and then transfers essence and qi to the internal organs and fur ("Bild Meridians"): "Eating qi people in the stomach, dispersing essence and essence in the liver,... turbid qi returns to the heart, camphor is lustful in the meridians, and qi flows through the meridians, and the meridians return to the lungs, and the lungs go to the hundreds of meridians, and the essence is sent to the skin and fur. The hair veins contain essence and qi flows in the house."); and it is said that the blood circulation of the blood vessels is constantly flowing, and the upper and lower ends are intersected, such as the rings are endless, etc.

Although this understanding is preliminary and even has some imagination elements, it reflects the ancient doctors' understanding of circulating physiology and provides a basis for the development of ancient pulse diagnosis.

Second, understanding of blood speed.

Ancient Chinese doctors have noticed the problem of blood flow and speed. The "Daily Classic" says: When a person exhales, the blood in the blood vessels will be three inches; when he inhales, he will also be three inches; when he exhales and inhales, he will be six inches in total.

"A person's pulse flows three inches when he exhales, three inches when he inhales, and six inches when he breathes and calm breathing." Although this understanding is very inaccurate, it is very meaningful, because blood speed is an important indicator of the blood circulation state. Modern doctors conduct clinical examinations for patients with the cardiovascular system, and also regard the time of large and small circulation as a routine.

Third, understanding of the relationship between breathing and pulse frequency.

The "Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor" says: Once a person exhales, his pulse jumps twice, and once inhales, his pulse jumps twice, and once inhales, and his pulse jumps four times. (Pingren Qixiang Theory: "A person exhales and his pulse moves again, and his pulse moves again.") In this way, counting continuously, calculated based on eighteen breaths per minute, the pulse jumps seventy-two times in one minute. This not only clearly points out the relationship between pulse and breathing, but also knows that the breathing and pulse frequency are one to four ratios, which is consistent with what modern physiology observes.

In addition, the "Inner Canon of Internal Medicine" also records that the ratio change between pulse and breathing is an abnormal phenomenon: it points out that a person only jumps once a breathing pulse, only jumps once a breathing pulse, and three times a breathing pulse, all of which are pathological. ("A person's pulse moves, one breathing pulse moves, one breathing pulse moves, one breathing pulse moves, and one breathing pulse moves, and three times a breathing pulse, and one breathing pulse moves, and one breathing pulse becomes irritable. The Zi heats the day is warm, and the Zi is not hot, and the pulse is slippery and gout, and the pulse is irritable.")

We know that the relationship between pulse and breathing reflects the relationship between heart and lung function. It is not difficult to observe clinically that the heartbeat rhythm is uneven due to pulmonary circulation and arterial blood hypoxia, and the characteristics of pulses have changed.

Fourth, the understanding of the pulse cutting site. There was a process of detecting the pulse cutting site in ancient my country.

There have been "full physical diagnosis", "three-part diagnosis" and "cunkou diagnosis". At first, it was mainly "full physical diagnosis", which was to touch the arteries that could be touched from head to toe all over the body, including the head, neck, cheek artery, trough artery in the upper limbs, hydrocarbon back of the lower limbs, dorsal foot, popliteal, and femoral artery. The arteries in these parts are on the surface of the body, or are attached to the bone and subcutaneous.

The pulse in the "Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor" mainly refers to "full physical diagnosis". "full physical diagnosis" is also called "three parts and nine symptoms" diagnosis. "Three parts and three parts" diagnosis is to diagnose the head (yingdu artery), the inch mouth (tactile artery) of the wrist and the drop Yang (dosterior foot artery) of the foot.

Cunkou diagnosis is to touch the twitching artery that protrudes behind the palms of the two hands (scratching the bone styloid process), which is the so-called "take Cunkou alone". This is mainly because the ancients believed that Cunkou is the intersection of the human meridians, and diagnosing Cunkou can help you understand the qi and blood of the human body.

This method has been recorded in the "Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor". The main ones in the "Dian Jing" and "Mai Jing" and other books are Cunkou diagnosis, and have been used until today.

"Permanent diagnosis" was no longer commonly used, or even not used. In fact, this method still has practical significance even today. We know that the pressure waves generated by blood when the heart contracts are called pulse waves, and the pulse waves are transmitted to the whole body through the arteries.

The shape of the pulse wave changes with the change of the circulatory system. It reflects the heart condition and the elasticity of the arteries. Therefore, observing the shape of the pulses throughout the body can give a more comprehensive diagnosis of physical signs.

For example, the "Pulselessness" that mainly occurs due to lesions in related arteries such as the aortic arch, and blood in the limbs can weaken or disappear some arterial pulsations in the upper and lower limbs.

Performing "full-body diagnosis" on such patients can help understand the pathological conditions of their blood vessels. For example, for heart patients and thrombo-occlusive vasculitis, using "full-body diagnosis" is also very meaningful.

Fifth, the understanding of factors related to pulse removal, the "Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor" says that pulse diagnosis should be done in the early morning, when the yin energy of a person has not moved and the yang energy is not messy, so that abnormal pulses can be detected.

It is also said that the pulse changes according to the climate of the four seasons; it is also pointed out that when you check pulse, you should pay attention to the courage and timidity of a person's personality, the texture of the flesh and skin, the "fat and thin body", the mental factors of a person, etc. It is believed that fear, worry, movement and stillness will change the pulse.

Later pulse books have made this discussion more comprehensive in this regard, such as men and women, age, height, etc., all of which are paying attention to.

Modern physiology has proved that the activity of the human heart (heart rate, heart blood output, etc.) is easily affected by various factors. In terms of heart blood output, in a very static state, if you wake up in the early morning and have not yet got up, the heart blood output is quite constant. For example, the normal heart beat frequency of a person is not only different from men and women, but also different from the age of young people, but also the same person often mutates due to changes in body shape, activity, and mental factors on the same day.

It can be seen that the ancients' observations on factors related to pulse removal were very detailed, because it was very related to the identification of normal pulse and diseased pulse at this time. (To be continued, please search for astronomy, novels are better, updated and faster!

ps: Note: Thank you Jin Guiguan for your injustice, Xie Zhixiu and his two great rewards and support, thank you!
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